greetings all, I'm in the final weeks of writing up my Masters dissertation and seeking some scholarly references to Smalltalk being "Strongly Typed." I my review of Smalltalk I was surprised to find that [1] describes Smalltalk as Strongly Typed, since Smalltalk is sometimes denigrated as being untyped / weakly typed. From reviewing discussion forums this now makes sense, but I can only find one of scholarly reference that briefly mentions this [2]. The most enlightening is [3] which defines Type Strength as: "A strongly typed language prevents any operation on the wrong type of data. In weakly typed languages there are ways to escape this restriction: type conversions" meaning that getting a MNU is a form of Strong Typing since you can't make a Smalltalk object run a method that is not its own. The problem appears to be that Strong Typing has been synonymous with Static Typing for a long time, and Static Typing strongly ties types to variables, except in Dynamically Typed languages, I think types can be considered independently from variables, in which case the definition of [3] has some merit, hence Smalltalk is Strongly Typed. Sounds controversial, so I'm just hoping for some peer reviewed backup - but only you have something easily to hand. This is just a small thing I can just leave out if necessary. cheers -ben [1] http://www.squeak.org/Features/ [2] p15, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.35.7507&rep=rep1&ty... [3] http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/publicaties/rapporten/cw/CW415.pdf